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7> 


COGhS"WEXJL-'S 
COMPENDIUM  OF 

PHONOGRAPHY. 


EEING    A     COMPLETE    AND    CONCISE    EXPOSITION    OK    THE 
PRINCIPLES   OF   VERBATIM    REPORTING    AS    PRAC- 
TICED  BY  THE   BEST   REPORTERS. 


FOR  SELF-INSTRUCTION  AND  FOR  USE  IN  SCHOOLS. 


By  F.  H.  COGSWELL, 

OFFICIAL,  REPORTER  OF  THE   CONNECTICUT  SUPERIOR  COURT. 


Fiftly-third  Edition. 


REVISED    AND    ENLARGED. 


F.  H.  COGSWELL,  PUBLISHER, 

NEW    HAVEN,    CONN., 
U.   S.   A. 


COPYRIGHT   BY 

H.    COGSWELL 

l8<JO 


c 


PREFACE. 

This  book  has  been  issued  for  the  following  reasons: 

We  have  been  unable  to  secure  any  satisfactory  text-book  tor 

use  in  our  own   teaching.     First,   because   most  of  the   so-called 

instruction  books  are  poorly  arranged,  without  proper  exercises, 

and  contain   much    that  the  student  does  not  require,  and  only 

J2serves  to  confuse.      The  multiplicity  of  word-signs  and  contractions 

J^found  even  in  those  books  which  claim  to  discountenance  their 

>.frequent  use,  is  sufficient  to  condemn  them  for  practical  purposes. 

5§         Second,   because  we  prefer  to  use,   both  in  our  practice  and 

^teaching,  the  best  results  cf  progress  from  whatever  source  they 

Jmay  come;  hence,  we   do  not  accept  the  works  of  any  author  as 

being  adapted   to  the  wants    of  the  student  who  wishes  to  avail 

^himself  of  the  best  helps  to  a  verbatim  speed.     Phonography  is 

"   a  growing  science,  and  while  all  systems  contain  good  points,  they 

are  but  the  stepping  stones  to  greater  possibilities,    and   are  all 

^  more  or  less  imperfect.     We  have  embodied  in  this  book  what 

seems  to  us,  at  the  present  stage  of  development  in  Phonography, 

to  be   the  best  means,    consistent  with  legibility,    of  attaining  a 

ui  verbatim  speed. 

t  We   do   not   wish   to  be   understood  as  laying  any  claim  to 

P  authorship.  We  have  neither  the  time,  ability,  nor  the  audacity  to 
invent  another  system.  Our  principal  object  has  been  a  better 
presentation  of  the  subject,  and  if  any  seeker  after  a  knowledge 
of  the  mystic  art  finds  this  book  a  clearer  guide  than  those  that 
have  gone  before,  the  end  we  have  had  in  view  will  have  been 
attained. 


448637 


PREFACE  TO  REVISED  EDITION. 


In  our  prefatory  remarks  to  the  "  Compendium  of  Phonography," 
when  first  published,  we  disclaimed  any  idea  of  originality,  our  aim 
being  simply  a  clearer  and  more  concise  exposition  of  an  art  that  has 
been  very  much  "  muddled  "  by  self-styled  authors ;  but  which  if 
properly  presented,  is  simple  enough  for  the  comprehension  of  ordi- 
nary individuals.  Since  that  time  we  have  made  use  of  some  addi- 
tional speed  principles  in  our  practice,  and  have  incorporated  them 
in  this  book.  These  have  in  part  been  suggested  by  other  reporters, 
and  some  have  been  accidentally  hit  upon  in  emergencies  and  used 
because  of  their  special  value  on  such  occasions.  Such  ideas  being 
common  property  and  their  free  circulation  being  a  matter  of  univer- 
sal advantage,  it  is  not  necessary  that  special  credit  should  be  given 
here. 

The  student  of  the  following  exercises  may  discover  an  occasional 
expedient  for  which  there  seems  to  be  no  general  rule.  It  will  be 
sufficient  to  suggest  that  such  improvisations  are  frequently  made  by 
reporters  when  the  context  is  sufficiently  strong  to  render  the  mean- 
ing certain. 


TO  THE  STUDENT. 

You  have  in  this  book  the  principles  of  verbatim  reporting 
set  forth  as  concisely  as  is  consistent  with  a  clear  exposition  of 
the  subject.  It  is  possible  for  an}'  bright  young  man  or  woman 
having  an  hour  or  two  of  leisure  every  day  to  thoroughly  master 
the  art  in  a  few  weeks.  By  this  we  do  not  mean  that  you  can  become 
a  verbatim  reporter  in  a  few  weeks,  but  you  can  become  fully  ac- 
quainted with  the  principles  by  which  a  verbatim  speed  can  be 
attained.  After  the  principles  are  learned  it  would  be  desirable, 
if  you  intend  to  make  phonography  a  profession,  to  attend  some 
good  training  school  for  a  few  months,  in  order  to.perfect  yourself 
in  the  details  of  the  subject,  and  get  up  the  necesssary  speed  for 
practical  work. 

The  benefits  to  be  derived  from  such  a  course  cannot  be  too  highly 
valued.  You  become  associated  with  others  having  the  same  as- 
pirations and  having  the  same  obstacles  to  surmount;  you  give 
and  receive  new  ideas  and  suggestions  that  solitary  stud)-  do  not 
afford;  you  form  professional  acquaintances  that  will  prove  val- 
uable in  after  life;  and,  most  important  of  all,  you  are  under  the 
direction  and  receive  the  advice  of  those  who  have  already  attained 
success  and  had  practical  experience. 

These  advantages,  however,  are  not  within  the  reach  of  all,  and 
there  are  many  good  phonographers  who  never  saw  a  training 
school.  To  those  proposing  to  take  up  the  subject  at  home  we 
would  say  that  it  would  be  desirable  to  induce  one  or  more  of  your 
friends  in  the  same  neighborhood  to  take  it  up  with  you.  This 
will  make  the  study  more  interesting,  and  you  will  get  ideas  from 
your  fellow  students  that  will  help  you.  You  must  not  make  the 
mistake  of  trying  to  grasp  the  whole  subject  at  one  sitting.  If  a 
student  of  mathematics  should,  as  soon  as  he  had  acquired  the  fun- 


damental  principles,  attempt  to  solve  the  intricate  problems  of  the 
Calculus,  he  would  utterly  fail  and  would  soon  give  up  in  despair. 
One  might  as  well  try  to  scale  a  mountain  at  one  stride.  If  you 
have  a  few  grains  of  that  precious  but  rare  "metal"  known  as 
common  sense,  you  are  all  right. 

Learn  one  principle  thoroughly  before  looking  at  the  next. 
Do  not  even  look  ahead  to  see  how  the  remaining  lessons  appear. 
Let  your  attention  be  concentrated  entirely  on  the  lesson  in  hand 
till  it  is  mastered,  then  build  in  the  next,  and  so  on  until  the  whole 
is  accomplished. 

If  this  course  is  faithfully  pursued  for  a  few  weeks,  you  will 
have  the  principles  mastered.  Do  not  stop  here  and  imagine  that 
there  is  nothing  more  to  do  but  sally  out  with  your  notebook  and 
inquire  for  Philips  Brooks.  You  have  the  foundation  laid,  but 
the  structure  is  not  yet  finished.  Spend  the  hour  or  two  each 
day  that  you  have  been  spending  on  the  principles,  in  taking  dic- 
tation from  some  friend,  or  if  there  is  a  club,  let  each  take 
turns  in  dictating.  This  course  kept  up  for  a  few  weeks  longer 
will  make  you  a  tolerably  good  phonographer. 

Lose  no  opportunity  for  practice,  even  after  you  have  attained  a 
working  speed.-  The  musician  practices  his  scale  every  da}r  and 
the  phonographer  will  "get  left"  sometimes  if  he  does  not  keep 
in  constant  practice.  The  study  may  engross  your  leisure  time  for 
several  months,  but  it  will  amply  repay  you  for  )*our  trouble.  If 
you  pursue  it  only  as  a  pastime,  you  will  find  it  a  most  beautiful 
and  fascinating  art,  and  a  valuable  acquisition  in  any  walk  of  life. 


MATERIALS. 

Most  reporters  prefer  to  use  glazed  paper,  a  good  reliable 
gold  pen,  and  common  writing  fluid.  A  pencil  is  preferred 
sometimes        when        writing        on        the        knee.  Fountain 

pens  are  generally  deceptive.  There  are  one  or  two, 
however,  that  are  very  convenient  and  seldom  fail, 
but  it  is  always  best  to  have  another  pen  in  reserve.  It  is  prob- 
able that  a  good  fountain  pen  will  soon  appear  which  will  be  so 
simple  in  its  construction  as  to  admit  of  a  free  and  regular  flow. 

For  a  simple  gold  pen  there  is  nothing  yet  invented  equal  to 
the  "  Stenographic  Pen,"  made  by  Mabie,  Todd  &  Bard,  New 
York. 

It  is  well  to  accustom  yourself  to  inconvenience  in  writing. 
The  reporter  is  often  obliged  to  write  in  cramped  and  uncomfort- 
able positions;  he  may  be  obliged  to  write  with  the  book  on 
his  knee;  sometimes  he  must  h  .Id  it  in  his  hand;  and  fre- 
quently at  open  air  speaking  he  will  rest  his  book  on  the  back  of 
the  man  in  front  of  him.  The  phonographer  who  has  always 
been  used  to  writing  at  a  table,  with  everything  conducing  to  his 
ease  and  convenience,  finds  these  circumstances  very  trying, 
and  often  gets  disconcerted  and  makes  mistakes.  The  reporter's 
reputation  rests  on  his  ability  to  reproduce  the  speaker's  exact 
words,  and  no  allowance  is  ever  made  for  such  circumstances  as 
those  mentioned  above. 

For  general  reporting  it  is  desirable  to  have  notebooks  pre- 
pared in  a  convenient  size  for  either  pen  or  pencil.  Those  arranged 
for  pencil  work  should  be  made  from  rougher  paper,  and  the 
regular  "Phonographic  Pencil"  which  can  be  obtained  of  most 
stationers  should  be  used.  Such  books  should  be  ruled  with 
a  margin  half  an  inch  wide  at  the  left  side  for  doubtful  words 
and  convenience  in  arranging  paragraphs.  This  is  also  very 
useful  in  concert  practice,  which  subject  is  discussed  at  length  in 
"Fowler's  Shorthand  Execution,"  a  most  valuable  book  for  sten- 
ographers by  F.  G.  Fowler,  Bridgeport,  Conn.  For  our  own  use 
we  have  notebooks  made  in  large  quantities  and  will  send  them  to 
any  wishing  them  at  ten  cents  each  and  five  cents  extra  for  postage 


PHONOGRAPHY. 

Phonography  means  sound-writing. 

It  is  from  two  Greek  words,  0cn>7,  sound,  and  ypafetv,  to  write, 
to  write  sound. 

It  is  written  phonetically — that  is,  by  sound — and  not  by  the 
ordinary  spelling.  For  instance,  though  is  written  by  representing 
the  sounds  tho,  the  ugh  being  silent. 

The  consonant  sounds  are  represented  by  simple  strokes,  straight 
and  curved,  and  the  vowels  by  dots  and  clashes. 

The  consonant  outlines  comprise  the  framework  of  the  art,  and 
it  is  on  these,  in  their  various  combinations  and  modifications,  that 
the  reporter  chiefly  depends.  He  writes  jtnp  for  jump,  dmk  for 
drink,  krt  for  cart  (c  sounding  like  k).  He  cannot,  however,  rely 
solely  on  the  consonant  combinations,  for  dmk  could  stand  for  drank 
and  drunk  as  well  as  for  drink.  This  necessitates  the  use  of  vowels 
in  cases  where  the  consonant  outline  fails  to  be  definite.  The  gen- 
eral sense  of  a  sentence  goes  a  long  way  toward  rendering  certain 
the  meaning  Of  an  outline  that  would  be  doubtful  when  standing 
alone;  thus  "I  will  dmk  some  water."  "He  dmk  some  water." 
"  He  cannot  become  dmk  by  the  use  of  water." 

The  consonants  are  first  taken  up,  and  in  the  first  two  lessons 
the  student  acquires  a  familiarity  with  their  outlines.  In  the  third 
lesson  the  vowels  are  considered,  and  here  conies  the  only  difficult 
feature  of  the  subject.  A  little  thoughtful  study  will  conquer  it,  and 
then  it  is  plain  sailing  to  the  close. 

It  must  be  constantly  borne  in  mind  that  sound-writing  and 
ordinary  English  are  two  different  things.  It  tfkes  a  little  time  for 
one  not  already  familiar  with  phonetics  to  think  out  the  sounds. 
You  must  learn  to  think  phonetically.  Practice  analyzing  words 
according  to  their  sound,  and  remember  that  ma  spells  may,  te  tea, 
tiu  new,  hop  cope,  kum  come,  kom  comb,  tuf  tough,  do  dough,  rim 
rhyme,  katl  cattle,  konva  convey,  diafram  diaphragm,  etc. 

Do  not  be  in  a  hurry  to  get  through  the  book.  Go  slowly  and 
thoroughly.  The  successful  use  of  phonography  depends  not  so 
much  on  the  ability  to  write  the  outlines  rapidly  as  to  think  how  to 
write  them.  The  mind  must  work  faster  than  the  hand.  Aim  to  be 
accurate  and  thorough,  and  let  speed  be  a  secondary  consideration 
until  the  contents  of  the  book  have  been  thoroughly  mastered. 


****** 

COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM  OF  PHONOGRAPH  r?NVV 


LESSON  I. 


Alphabet  DIRECTIONS.  Examples. 

„      ,-,            x     v               Write   perpendicu-    v  I 

Pe,  Be,         \\                       /      .1     ♦•         \        I         Pk,  Dp, 
\   A       lar        and        slanting      s V. 

Te,  De,  '  strokes       downward,       [^ ,>-v_^  Tin,  Fn, 

Ch>  Ja,  /  /        except  Lay'   Ray  and        S\^y  Shp,  Mr, 

'     /         Hay,  which  are  writ-    —        '"" 
Ka,  Ga,      —    ten  upward  |_   /*-*    Dk,  R.i, 

Ef,  Ve,          V  ^  Sh  and  La)r  maJr  be  \       C-.  Pr,  Tlua 

»  ,    „,             /    /  written  either  upward  n,      i  t-       ~  , 

•      Ith.Thee,       (I  ,                 ,   .  L  _ ^\  kng.Dth, 

>     V  or  downward  in  com-  >-^    r 

Es,  Ze,  J     1  l)inations,     according    — i     /—    Mv,  Rk, 

Sh,  Zh,  y     V  tc  convenience.  ^_    i  Jk,  Fr, 

^  ^-  Write      horizontal     '  ^) 

Lay.Yay,     (  /  strokes    from   left    to  ^"  "V-   Ml,  Rm, 

Ar,  Way,    ^^  right.  ~"V~  )—.    Wl,  Sm, 

'    f™    frn     ^~^^^        Write     Ray      more   S~*  ~~V  Hn,  Nv, 
r.m,  Hn,  .  ^    ^x ,        .        ..         „,  £  ^         »        * 

,     slanting  than  Ch.  i 

Ray,Hay/  /  ^f  Hay     is     generally  ~~/   V/^   Kch>  VI. 

lng,  ~i_  ^        omitted.  <• — -««■•'   Mng. 

In  joining  strokes  to  form  words,  write    them    all    together, 

without  lifting  the  pen,  thus,  \ bake,     rf /   merry. 

j  After  reading  carefully  the  above  Directions  and  the  Examples 

at  the  right,  write  the  following 

I 

EXERCISE. 

Cup,  neck,  make,  came,  match,  pope,  babe,  cheap,  reap, 
cage,  rage,  check,  gem/^one,  game,  rain,  duly,  daisy,  mum, 
honey,  meek,  shake,  dame,  deny,  bush,  beef,  bevy,  map,  life, 
rose,  theme,  rock,  valley,  zeal,  fame,  sham,  arm,  fish,  tag,  nag, 
rag,  hitch,  body,  rink,  duty,  faith,  copy,  hung,  type,  ensue,  gag, 
cake,  coffee,  mock,  rich,  holy,  ark,  wreath,  wreathe,  gaily,  maim, 
main,  rib,  rope,  teeth,  death,  pang,  tongue,  beauty,  ball,  keg, 
book,  deck,  thick,  into,  enjoy,  assume,  lion,  lame,  nail,  mail, 
among,  money,  envy,  laugh,  image,  lake. 


COGS  WELL' S  COM P  END  I UM 


LESSON   II. 

L--^  CIRCLES  AND  LOOPS. 

A  small  circle  is  generally  used  to  represent  s  and  z.  When 
joined  to  a  curve  it  is  placed  inside  the  curve,  thus: 

When  joined  to  a  straight  stroke  it  is  placed  on  the  right,  if  it 
is  a  downward  stroke,  and  on  the  upper  side  of  horizontals  and 
upward  strokes,  thus: 

\v7T/Y/7  „_  _^> . o*y  s  / 

When  used  between  strokes  it  is  turned  thus:  . 

d O \        YL-' g; 

The  circle  may  be  made  large  to  express  two  sounds  of  s  oc- 
curring together,   thus:     NO  passes,     \q   faces,     q  cases,-  ^>- 

roses,    g      houses,    q)   ceases. 

The  circle  may  be  made  into  a  loop  to  to  express  the  sound 
of  st,  thus:      \  step,     \    post,      \>    boast,       |     state,       fj    test, 

J  study,      fc  dust,       C7\stcm-     /^  mast, ,?  nest,     y    ceased^ 

_^=  guessed,   /raised,    ^r     hast. 

Zd  is  expressed  in  the  same  way  as  sz.     &A^/(j 
When  s  is  the  first  consonant  sound  in  a  word,  but  is  pre- 
ceded by  a  vowel  sound,  the  stroke  should  be  used  instead  of 
the  circle.     The  reason  will  clearly  appear  in  the  next  lesson. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY 


The  loop  may  be  made  large  to  express  the  sound  of  str,  thus: 
N}  pastor,      ^    boaster,     "-""^  master,      fc   duster,       \^j    faster, 
^^  roaster,    /-?   lustre. 

Te"str  loop  is  never  used   at  the  beginning  of  a  word. 
Plurals  and  possessives  may  be  indicated  by  adding  a  final  s, 
thus:     X^  posts,       \">    possesses,      J^   diseases,      *^-j    masters, 
g— -.  coasters,   %  dusters. 


\y  EXERCISE. 

i.  Sip,  set,  pass,  tease,  raise,  does,  race,  case,  sack,  seer, 
gas,  this,  sick,  face,  foes,  ages,  sage,  nose,  shoes,  grows,  voice, 
cease,  guess,  hiss,  safe,  sob,  sail,  joys,  sight,  chase,  such,  sign, 
signs,  scene,  seems,  soles,  seals,  acts,  knees,  issues,  amuse, 
mouse,  house,  lease,  annoys,  city,  sinew,  soothe,  south,  seive. 
,  .  .-^  i.  Rasp,  task,  bask,  mask,  chosen,  abysm,  design,  listen, 
reason,  risk,  gasp,  dislike,  spasms,  decides,  tMMfef  mason, 
resume,  misery,  unseen,  unsafe,  receive,  vessel,  visage,  passage, 
beseech,  husk,  pacif}-,  respect,  outside,  insane,  excite,  missile, 
honesty,  nestle,  thistle,  guzzle,  dazzle,  muzzle,  cousin,  music. 

3.  Pieces,  bases,  guesses,  chases,  ra^es,  losses,  faces,  noses, 
recess,  races,  access,  desist,  system,  resist,  subsist,  insist,  scissors, 
season,  success,  successive,  necessity,  passive,  missive,  accessor}*, 
necessary,  exist,  sources. 

[y^^-  Stop,  state,  steady,  dust,  stitch,  stage,  stock,  store, 
chaste,  style,  arrest,  sting,  must,  missed,  opposed,  reposed, 
paused,  refused,  amassed,  stick,  supposed,  studies,  stages,, 
guessed,  jest,  aghast,  vast,  last,  steals,  solaced,  deposed,  reduced, 
infest,  next,  mixed,  diffused. 

5.  Faster,  lustre,  songster,  roadster,  jester,  master,  rooster,, 
teamster,  forrester,  bannister,  spinster,  castor,  coaster. 

6.  Successes,  diseases,  lists,  vests,  masters,  artists,  song-' 
sters,  chests^boasters. 


COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


LESSON  III. 


VOWELS. 


The  reporter  generally  writes  only  the  consonant  outlines, 
leaving  the  vowels  to  be  implied  by  the  position  of  the  words  with 
reference  to  the  line.  The  following  is  the  vowel  scale  employed 
by  most  phonographic  writers: 


a 

-rat 

a 

ale 

■ 

I 
far 

I 
it 

net 

i 

cat 

- 

- 

au 

6 

.     - 

8 

u 

- 

awe 

*/>ar 

66 

iood 

on 

c«p 

60 
good 

V 

A 

A 

< 

I 

oi 

boil 

ou 

oitt 

u 
rue 

Directions. — Write  the  consonant  outline  so  that  the   first  per- 
pendicular or  slanting  stroke  will  rest  in  the  position  indicated  bv 

the  accented vowel.     For  example,  the  word  beak  is  written    % — 


Decause  trie  nrst  slanting  stroke  must  rest  in  the  position 
indicated  by  6,  which  is  above  the  line;  bake  is  written  V—^ 
because  the  vowel  a.  rests  on  the  line;  back  is  written  jk .be- 
cause tne  vowel  a  is  under  the  line. 


OF  PHONO  GRA  PH  Y.  1 3 

These  three  positions  are  called  First,  Second  and  Third, 
according  as  the  vowel  is  above,  on,  or  under  the  line. 

If  a  word  is  composed  wholly  of  horizontal  strbkes,  it  is  writ- 
ten entirely  under  the  line  when  in  the  third  position,  thus: 
_^3;-canoe;  but  if  the  word  contains  other  than  horizontal 
strokes,  the  first  perpendicular  or  slanting  stroke  should  rest 
across  the  line,  as  in  the  word  back    \—~  . 

It  is  sometimes  desirable  to  insert  a  vowel  when  the  consonant 
outline  would  be  obscure  and  difficult  to  read.  Usually  the  in 
sertion  of  the  accented  vowel  is  sufficient.  This  may  be  done  by 
writing  the  dots,  dashes  and  angles  by  the  side  of  the  strokes,  writ- 
ing the  vowel  at  the  left  or  over  the  consonant  if  to  be  read  before, 
and  at  the  right  or  under  the  consonant  if  to  be  read  after  it;  for  ex- 
ample,   " 

follows:  ....' eat,       1    ate,      -  |~  add,      _..'...-  die,         1 due, 

» "„_  key       ..^ ,  coy     — .„— cue    — =^=._  ache     .^ oak, 

<^~^  aim,    ,-..■.,  mew,    _>-r.,r_  fee,      V£-       foe,   ^«c*r  few- 


EXAMPLES. 


d^Tr-meek-^^-came  ...^^-r.funny— }irn^fame  -\i— pa  ."^^---.arm 
V^bonny  _  .nook  .Caking _^ow _>^r^ruin  H~  delay 
-\/]-purity,  -x-2-  beauty,  ^^y.  merry,  Jrrx,  deem, L_Eden, 

<dSs  arrive  „V£1 below         fl  coolie. 

1 

It  is  well  for  the  student  to  make  a  practice  of  writing  in 
every  vowel,  so  as  to  acquire  facility  in  their  use. 


.1/ 


14  COGSWELL'S    COMPENDIUM 

Note. — The  circle  and  loop  doixjf  affect  vocalization. 

For  example :      ..^s—      opey^.O—      soap,       __4rrr._     eke. 

_J?. L.     seek,     •-^yXache,     _s^,__    stake. 

But  a  vowei  "cannot  be  written  before  an  initial  or,after  a 
final  circle,©*  loop.  %     *•    jt 

In  such  cases  the  stroke  must  be  used  and  the  vpwel  placed 
against  it  according  to  position. 


Write  the  outlines,    for  the   following   vords  in  the  proper 
positions,  and  insert  the  accented  vowel; 

U",r>ea,  paw,  ape,  beg,  bough,  tea.  oat,  tow,  day,  dough,  owed, 
age,  each,  chew,  itch,  oak,  key,  gay,  go,  ague,  thaw,  oath,  ace, 
say,  saw,  show,  shy,  shore,  lay,  law,  lie,  oil,  lien,  aim,  ma};, 
mow,  nay,  know,  nigh,  woo,  way,  woo,  yea,  edge,  ell.  ill,  etch, 
odd,  ash,  echo,  egg,  keep,  cape,  coach,  peek,  opaque,  peal,  pale, 
pole,  pull,  boat,  beak,  bowl  beam,  team,  deep,  dale,  dome,  cake, 
cage,  catch,  check,  joke,  gala,  coolie,  gallows,*themes,  sheep, 
shop,  leave,  loaf,  laugh,  love,  loathe,  wreath,  wreathe,  namje,^ 
many,  heath,  hate,  mock,  mellow,  leap,  rap,  rogue,  wrote,  oar, 
reach,  rage,  roam,  zero,«  shock,  shook,  shaggy,  nap,  live, 
lilly,  follow,  guinea,  gang,  coffee,  chimney,  ring,  mighty  hurry, 
shiny,  chamois,  lung,  lash,  lath,  money,  enough,  iron,  knife, 
match,  purity,  policy,  parody,  cabbage,  period,  arraign,  marriage, 
infamy,  monk,  resume,  kick,  America,  became,  voyage,  vouch, 
vowel,  duty,  power.  • 


•       *. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


LESSON  IV. 

WORD-SIGNS. 

Simple    strokes    are   used" to    express    frequently    recurring 
words,  and  are  sometimes  written  out  of  position  for  convenience. 


Memorize  the  following  list  of 


CONSONANT    STEMS. 


- $ N X > i L t .l.--f- 

bv,     be,   to  be,       subject,         time,        it,     itself,       do,       had, 

/ 


M z -+-* v 


1:  .ge,   common, 
which,  .   ;    much,         advantage,       kingdom,     come,       give-n, 

^»  \  ^ A.__ _v_ _A. 


together,         for,  S      ever,      r    have,  however,  several, 

\u JT$fr - 4*^ ---(,- 

think,  thank-ed,        A   them,  though,       this,       those, 

»  ,  U    they,  thou,  thus. 

<a ) : -Ll L 

themselves,         was,  is,  his,         as,  has,  wish,         shall, 

ML 
„> L /...... \^     \/ _1 

usual-ly,         will,         whole,         her-e,     are,     /    our,       hers-self, 

: 


16  COGSWELL'S    COMPENDIUM 

__, 


p  ^ ^ — — — ~ ^    7f 

ours-self,      ourselves,        am,  may,  him,       home,       in,  any, 
.    jj/j  own,  thing,  language,/      long,  length,,      )  influence. 


& 


why,     way,       awa/,  yoar,        /    he. 


VOWEL   STEMS. 


\ 

1 

/ 

\ 

1 

/ 

all, 

already, 

ought, 

two, 

oh, 

who-rr.. 

awe, 

too, 

owe, 

N 

1 

/ 

V      _ 

1 

of,        or,  on,  to,  but,  should. 


I,  eye,  high,  how,  /        now,         new,  the         a-n-d. 

knew. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


17 


PUNCTUATION. 


Is 


Period. 
Interrogatic 

Excli 
"arenthes 


,'phen. 
=  Capitalizer. 

Any  other  punctuation  can  be  supplied  in  transcription 


y ptner 


SENTENCES. 


All  things  are  ours. 

Come  this  way. 

Why  will  he  use  him  thus  ? 

Has  she  ever  seen  them  together? 

It  will  be  of  some  advantage,  because  he  knows  why  they 
wish  it  to  be  so  disposed  of. 

6.     His  influence  will  be  of  use  to  several. 

I  think  it  is  for  )-our  own  home.  , 

They  usually  come  here  if  they  have  time. 

Go  thy  way  in  peace,  for  thou  hast  given  much. 

Language  should  be  chosen  for  its  beauty  and  power. 

If,  however,  the  subject  is  given  out,  he  will  do  his  best. 

Keep  the  rogues  all  out,  for  the  influence  they  exercise 
will  do  much  to  damage  the  case. 


7- 

8. 

9- 
10. 
11. 
12. 


COGSWELLS  COMPENDIUM 


L 

erf  ^ 


LESSON   V. 


BRIEF  SIGNS  FOR  WAY  AND  YAY. 

For  convenience  in  writing  it  is  found   desirable  to  use  the 
follo^ng   semi-circle  as  substitutes  for  Way  and   Yay  in  many 

cases    S 1  called  "  Brief  Way,"  and  Jf.  ",  called  "  Brief  Yay." 

There  are  two  of  these  characters  to  represent  each  Way  and  Yay 
stroke,  and  cither  may  be  used  as  is  most  convenient,  thus; 
J^weep,Jl._weight,..:?r7Tr.week)J5=^_winc>  J^rr.one,  ->rf=.yoke, 

yttff/KSffmm^,  •_..! yacht,    rS    _,  yell,  -;•  yam,  _*^_._   weal, 

w  V 

__£l war,    ,j  yore. 

The  circle  may  be  joined  with  the  brief  Way  and  Yay,  thus; 
^.._i__ sweep, _Z._..switch,    J^r^L* swine, .swim, _„TT^. ...swing. 


N/ 


EXERCISES. 


1.  Weep,  web,  wit,  wot,  wait,  wad,  weed,  wood,  widow, 
wedge,  wade,  witch,  walk,  week,  wake,  woke,  wax,  wig,  weave, 
wave,  wove,  woof,  wash,  win,  wine,  wen,  wan,  wile,  weal,  wall, 
wail,  wool,  worthy,  wieldv,  wince,  winces,  winced,  unworthy, 
unwieldy,  worse,  worst,  yacht,  yell.  3'awl,  yore,  yon,  )roke,  yak. 

2.  Sweep,  sweat,  swayed,   switch,  suige,  Jgggg,  youth. 


OF  PH  ON  OCR  A  PJf  Y.  1 9 


WORD-SIGNS. 


we,  with,     were,     what,       would,    ye-ar,       yet,  you 

beyond, 

_±i_- =- £ C ^_,/ ^.... 

when,  one,  we  may,  well,     while,  we  are,     where,  aware, 
we  will. 


SENTENCES. 

1.  Will  you  go  yachting  with  me  1 

2.  Hear  the  )-oung  yak  yell. 

3.  The  wily  witch  wore  a  white  woolly  wig. 

4.  Wait  one  week,  nephew,  for  the  young  widow. 

5.  With  a  weed  switch  he  wove  a  wavy  withe. 


*->^^$^<-*- 


CO GS WELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


LESSON  VI. 

HALVING. 

Strokes  may  be  made  half  length  to  add  the  sound   of  /  or  d, 

thus:  _^_   peat,  n;     pate,  _>     bite,  J tighr,    f»     light.J^Jate. 

j£^  meet,  JT  -  late,    ,    ^\,  habit,   _f^C...   softly. 

When  Lay,  Ar,  Em,  and  En  are  halved  to  add  d,  they    should 

be   shaded,  thus  :  jiUjaid,  ,/l_laud,  _VT_«old,  _/S__load,_J\._erred, 

-v-hard      _3>    made mad,       '"1_  gnawed,     .  y  neighed. 

nude. 

Ing,  Way  and  Yay  are  never  halved. 

When   a  halved  stroke  is  followed  by  a  circle  or  loop,  ihe 
sound  indicated  by  halving  is  read  before  the  circle  or  loop. 

Never  halve  to  add  a  subsequent  syllable,  thus:  poet  should 

be  written      V     .and   not._XL.;  mighty   is  written  __lJL  and   not 


_X at 

which  gives  only  might. 


EXERCISE. 


Pit,  pat,  pet,  pate,  apt,  pout,  bate,  bet,  bat.  bought,  boat, 
taught,  toot,  date,  dot,  dote,  doubt,  cheat,  chide,  chat,  jet,  kite, 
caught,  act,  coat,  got,  gate,  get,  goat,  gout,  fight,  fought,  fit,  feet, 
fate,  oft,  aft,  foot,  vote,  vat,  east,  shot,  Bhout,  shoot,  pied,  paid, 
abode,  bid,  bed,  bad,  deed,  died,  dead,  joyed,  jade,  code,  aged, 
good,  gad,  feed,  void,  viewed,  showed,  shad,  shade,  shed,  food, 
fed,  toyed,  allowed,  allied,  mud,  load,  mood. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


WORD-SIGNS. 


i L L 

put,  about,  quite,  could,  good,  after,  that,  without,   astonish-ed. 


s *- 


->. c : >. __..._..      cs 


establish-ed-ment,  world,  Lord,  heard,  hard,  word,  immediately, 
read, 
order. 
ordinary. 

~js^ _%.*-. \«: e^  ,.. 

somewhat,  nature,  under,      want,  went, 

hand, 
hundred, 


> 


) 


as  it, 
sometime,  is  it  has  it. 


SENTENCES. 

t.     Put  that  bad  boy  to  bed. 

2.  The  cat  caught  the  bat,  after  a  hard  fight. 

3.  Chide  the  aged  jade  that  could  act  such  a  deed. 

4.  Kate  Coit  caught  quite  a   cute  rabbit  in  the  woods,  and 
let  it  get  out  of  her  hand  after  she  had  reached  home. 


COGSWELL'S   COMPENDIUM 


LESSON  VII. 

EL-HOOK. 
When  /  is  the  next  consonant  sound  after  a  stroke,  it  may  be 
•written  by  a  small  hook  at  the  beginning  and  on    the   circle  side, 
thus:....„>„.plea,  __\_play,    C plow,  „.Lidle,  J__chill,    ••'    jail, 

c~:      .clay, eagle,      ^~  awful.      ^-  Jaw,    xS. .shell. 

The  El-hook  may  be  added  to  the  Hay  stroke  by  enlarging 
the  hook,  thus:     O     hall.  _..(^L_hale. 

When  a  dash-vowel  occurs  between  a  stroke  and  the  El-hook, 
it  may  be  cut  througe  the  stroke,  thus  :  t  ,.  toll,  JL_  pool, 
JJLpoll,    V-  inrf,  _^__full,  £=t=jCO«I. 

When  a  dot-vowel  so  occurs  it  may  be  expressed  by  a  small 
circle    placed    before   the   stroke   if   long,   after  it  if  short,  thus 
_!_^_  peal,        \     pill,     -^=-  fail.     3§».  fell.         But    this    is 
seldom  necessary,  and  is  rarely  used. 

When  the  El-hook  is  used  with  Em,  En,  and  Ray,  it  is  made 
large,   thus:    C^"*    ml,    Q^x    nl,     C/     rl. 

The  circle  may  be  used  with  the  El-hook,  thus:  — X...  spell, 
_L_  settle,  ..  /?. satchel,  J£— z  skill,  ^!r...  civil. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  23 


EXERCISES. 

1.  Plea,  play,  plow,  blow,  blue,  tool,  till,  tell,  tall,  deli, 
dole,  dale,  chill,  jail,  gill,  call,  keel,  kill,  coal,  cool,  guile,  goal, 
glue,  eagle,  glee,  flee,  fly,  awful,  flaw,  flew,  flue,  evil,  oval,  thill, 
shell,  shoal,  mile,  mill,  mole,  mule,  knell,  kneel,  knoll,  haul,  heeL 

2.  People,  pickle,  pupil,  bible,  babble,  feeble,  faithful, 
noble,  liable,  legal,  local,  amiable,  likely,  angle,  uncle,  bushel, 
special,  especial,  tumble,  thimble,  rumble,  mumble,  official. 

3.  Claim,  gloom,  gleam,  plume,  club,  oblige,  classes,  clois- 
ter, please,  pleases,  pleased,  clip,  clock,  blame,  clause,  clauses 
clothes,  plaster,  bluster,  cluster. 


WORD-SIGNS. 


/> 


until,  difficult-y,  equal-ly,  child-ren. 

at  all, 


SENTENCES. 


i  Toll  the  bell. 

2  My  ethical  uncle  plays  the  fiddle. 

3.  Please  tell  the  people  to  oblige  the  official. 

4  The  youthful  pupil  placed  the  sample  on  the  table. 


24  COGSWELL'S    COMPENDIUM 

LESSON    VIII. 

AR-HOOK. 

When  r  is   the   next  consonant  sound  after  a  stroke,  it  may 

be  written  by  a  small   hook    placed  at  the  beginning  on  the  side 

opposite  the  El-hook,  thus:     \    pi,  \  pr,         f     ti,  |    tr, 

/'chl,    /^chr,    «= —   kl,    c kr. 

The  Ar-hook  is  written  with  a  curve  by  reversing  the  form  as 

written    with    the    El-hook,    thus:       \    fl,  \    fr,         V     thl. 

*)  thr,     V  vl,        1  vr,     ^  shl,     J  shr. 

When  the  Ar-hook  is  written  with  Em  and  En,   the  stroke  is 

shaded,  thus:    ^"^  mr,    c- ,^>    nr. 

The  El  and  Ar  hooks  may  be  enlarged  to  imply  the  addition 
of    the    oppo>ite    hook,     thus:      \^   plr,  \    prl,  tlr, 

]       trl,     V_  fir,    °\  frl,     <T">    mrl,      C^    nrl,     C klr. 

The  circle  may  be  used  with  the  Ar-hook  on  straight  lines,  by 

writing  it  in  place  of  the  hook,  thus:     \    spr,  str,    /     schr, 

0 —    skr,   a         sgr.      With  mr  and   nr,  thus:    £*^   smr,     ^_^ 
snr. 


OF  PHONO  GRA  PH  Y.  2  5 

EXERCISES. 

1.  Pry,  pray,  bra}r,  brew,  tree,  try,  trow,  tray,  true,  eater, 
otter,  draw,  dry,  acre,  crow,  crew,  cry,  eager,  agree,  grow,  gray, 
grew,  fry,  free,  offer,  over,  hover,  affray,  author,  throw,  threw, 
usher,  azure,  honor,  owner,  hammer. 

2.  Proper,  pauper,  popper,  dipper,  cheaper,  jobber,  keeper, 
caper,  cooper,  robber,  neighbor,  baker,  maker,  meager,  archer, 
richer,  major,  fisher,  measure,  banner,  dinner,  donor. 

3.  Prize,  praise,  prop,  prime,  probe,  braced,  traced,  brick, 
brag,  drop,  trim,  dreary,  group,  crayon,  crook,  truth,  drug, 
dream,  dressy,  crime,  shriek,  broom,  grab    problem,  colonel. 

WORD-SIGNS. 

^ \= - * \ ]- 1 

principle,      practice,      remember,      number,      doctor,      during, 
member, 

-™- / 

Mr.,  mere,         larger. 


SENTENCES. 

1.  Practice  each  principle  thoroughly. 

2.  Doctor,  do  you  remember  the  number  of  cases  you  have 
lost  during  the  past  year? 

3.  The  poor  pauper  cut  a  queer  figure  when  he  threw  the 
copper  pitcher  at  his  grim  keeper. 

4.  Approach  the  droll  lodger  and  see  if  you  can  induce  him 
io  brush  the  briers  from  his  trowsers. 

5.  The  bookkeeper  pores  over  his  ledger,  while  the  vigorous 
archer  breathes  fresher  vapor,  and  capers  across  broad  acres  at 
his  leisure. 


26  COGSWELLS  COMPENDIUM 

LESSON  IX. 
EF  AND  VE  HOOKS. 

When  /  or  v  is  the    next    consonant     sound   following    a 
straight  stroke,  it  may  be  expressed  by  a  final  hook  on  the  circle 

side,  thus:  __Xo,.._  puff,   ...JSi...  pave,  __Ll tough,  -   X" — chaff". 

~nzif!_  cough,     ^**       rough, L*       deaf,        >>      beef. 

The  circle  may  be  added  to  an  Ef-hook,    thus:  __2SL puffs, 

I  9  J?  r 

.V..  ..Hoffs, --' — cough s,„..<f^. hives, «? drives,  „V.._-  p 


roves. 
The   Ef-hook    may   occur  in    the    middle   of   a    word,    thus: 

driver. 


Y_ proffer,  j traffic,    sssL giver,        *» 


When  a  stroke  having  a  final  hook  is  halved  to  add  t  or  c, 
the    sound    indicated    by   halving    is    read   after  the  hook,  thus: 

*••       drive,    „ drift,         ^        believe,  ^         believed. 

J? _  achieve,  _ achieved,     ^**      grieve,  , ;. grieved 

EXERCISE. 

1.  Beef,  tough,  deaf,  chief,  chafe,  cuff,  calf,  roof,  hoof,  reef, 
rough,  heave,  staff,  scoff,  serf,  strife,   cliff,  drove. 

2.  Puffs,  paves,  drives,  droves,  coughs,  coves,  cliffs,  cuffs, 
graves,  proves,  delves,  cloves,  grieves,  groves,  gloves,  strives, 
stoves. 

3.  Prefer,  braver,  toughen,  profane,  divine,  deafen,  define, 
devote,  defense,  advance,  engraver. 

4.  Tuft,  raft,  heft,  haft,  deft,  chafed,  coughed,  gift,  left, 
bluffed,  cleft,  cleaved,  draught,  craft,  graft. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  27 


WORD-SIGNS. 


^ 1 I - - t 


before,  whatever,  differ-ent,    careful-lv,   govern-ment,    advertise, 
-ence,  nieni- 


SENTENCES. 

1.  Whatever  differences  may  exist  in  regard   to  the  govern- 
ment, let  them  be  adjusted  peaceably  if  possible. 

2.  Go  over  the  case  carefully  before  the  trial,  and  see  that 
the  defence  is  properly  prepared. 

3      The  profane  driver  grieved  the  clever  rover   and  almost 
deafened  him  with  loud  oaths  and  frightful  yells. 


28  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


LESSON  X. 

EN-HOOK. 

When  n  is  the  next  consonant    sound  following  a  stroke,  it 
may  be  expressed  by  a  final  hook  written  on  the  side  opposite  the 

£f-hook,  thus:        :£       pun,  > y_~ ton,  ...J  ....  den,  _-..,..-?-   cane, 

_«££L_  rain,  — «£_  chain. 

The  En-hook  may  be  added  to  curves  by  writing  it  on  the 

concave  side,   thus:  —  - — fine,   Jl fan, — ~ thin,. ...Ssi    vain, 

•i  <— >  --Jv  I 

_ even,  _ mean,  ~^ri7?_moan,  __£ shine,  .fer^....shone, 

y nine,    "t^      none. 

The  En-hook  may  occur  in  the  middle  of  a  word,  thus:  _J*L» 

finer,-^. fancy,— finish minute,  -^ mechanic. 

The  En-hook  on  curves  may  be  lengthened  to  express/" and  v 

vv  y-  (• 

thus:    J^....five.   _J5 — vive,     _JI thief. 

The  circle  may  be  written  in  place  of  the  En-hook  on  straight 

strokes  to  express  ns,  thus:    lm   a pens,— J .dens,,— J dance, 

— ~1 dances. 

The  loop  may  be  used  in  this  same  way,  thus:  —4 danced, 

.  :.Q — .  punster, ^  .  spinster. 


OF  PHONOGRA  PH  Y.  29 


EXERCISES. 

1.  Pin,  pawn,  open,  pine,  pain,  pan,  happen,  bane,  bone, 
ebon,  boon,  tin,  tan,  town,  chin,  coin,  keen,  hen,  wren. 

2.  Fawn,  fan,  vine,  Avon,  oven,  heaven,  hone,  woven, 
lawn,  nun,  moon,  mine,  loin. 

3.  Panic,  punish,  bench,  vanish,  candy,  finish,  furnish 
thinner,  plunge,  blanch,  fringe,  finance. 

4.  Pawns,  pens,  vans,  spins,  dense,  chances,  chanced 
rains,  glance,  glances,  glanced,  expense,  expenses,  suspense, 
screens,  strains,  scorns,  punsters,  spinsters. 


WORD-SIGNS. 

J VfL. << OL. 

general-ly,  phonography,        within,        men, 


man,  women,  woman,  human,  opinion. 


SENTENCES. 

1.  One  can  generally  detect  traces  of  humanity  in  even  the 

basest  ( — -^f— )  of  mankind. 

2.  The  young  man  or  young  woman  who  has  a  desire  to 
succeed  in  life  will  learn  phonography  and  become  expert  in 
its  use. 

3.  If  you  would  become  cultured  in  a  high  degree,  enquire 
within,  and  develop  the  resources  of  your  own  mind. 

4.  No  man  knows  what  death  is,  yet  men  fear  it  as  if  they 
knew  well  that  it  was  the  greatest  of  all  evils. 


COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


LESSON  XL 

TER-HOOK. 
When   used  on  straight  strokes,   the  En-hook  may  be  mad  J 

large  to  express  tr,  dt,  or  thr,  thus:  \  ..  patter, .A_  better, 

_J_  ,u,or.  _L    daugh,«r,     A.     scep.e,      _^_    ac.o, 

JSL  bolder,       J^,  colder,       - -j  gather,        _^<X-  rather. 

The  Ter-hook  may  be  used  to  express  the  words  theit,  there, 
they  are,  etc.,  thus:     O  .  by  their, ~mT£_u  go  there,__  o      up  there, 

.  Is  ,  .  each  other. 

The  circle  may  be  used  with  the  Ter-hook,  thus:  .W._.  daugh- 
ters, ~<y._  brothers. 

The  En-hook  may  also  be  used,  thus:  __y„  brethren,  s^?. 
return. 

EXERCISES. 

Tighter,  doubter,  taught  her,  pewter,  platter,  bloater,  titter, 
till  they  are,  equator,  spider,  writer,  rudder,  hotter,  hatter,  hater, 
later,  coulter,  kilter,  doter,  tattec,  ratter,  rater,  rider,  ruder, 
garter,  clatter,  prater,  teeter,  crater,  creator,  cruder,  operator, 
instigator,  narrator,  testator,  brother,  dater,  intruder,  erector, 
injector,  deflector,  reflector,  creature,  picture,  scripture. 


SENTENCES. 

1.  The  tutor  said  it  was  hotter  it  the  equator. 

2.  The  testator  left  a  pewter  platter  to  his  brother's  daughter. 

3.  The  operator  taught  her  how  to  manage  the  reflector. 

4.  The  narrator  was  also  a  writer,  and  pictured  the  exploit  of 
]the  acior  who  was  the  instigator  of  an  attempt  to  fill  up  the  crater. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  31 


LESSON  XII. 
SHUN,  ESHUN  AND  EN  HOOKS. 

I.   SHUN-HOOK. 
To  express  the  syllable  shun,  the  Ef-hook  may  be  made  large 

on   straight   strokes,    thus:    X  passion,     y^ ...  ration,  JJ^f? L 

O  Ij 

caution,    ..\/._   operation,  _____  addition. 

When   the  sound  of  shun  follows   a  curve,  a  large  hook  is 
placed  on  the  concave  side,  thus:     \ fashion,  ^T5>_.   motion, 

.--^nr.....  notion,     sd      allusion. 

The    Shun-hook   may  occur  in   the   middle   of  word,  thus: 
_r^?.„.  auctioneer,       ^-    national,  L  "S* ...  missionary. 

The   circle    may    be   added   to    the  Shun-hook   thus:  __/_.. 
operations,    yi-S-  allusions. 


EXERCISE. 

Potion,  passions,  edition,  sedition,  section,  deception,  at- 
traction, inception,  perception,  inspection,  perdition,  approba- 
tion, oration,  adoration,  derision,  vision,  visionary,  attention,  voli- 
tion, recreation,  navigation,  elocution,  dictionary,  reputation, 
repetition,  faction,  dilation,  cohesion,  aggregation,  occasion,  per- 
oration, fashions,  motions,  nations,  occasions. 

2.    ESHUN-HOOK. 

When  the  sound  of  shun  follows  a  circle,  it  is  read  Eshun, 

and  is  expressed  by  turning  a  back  hook,  thus:    __ position, 

„..*. —  decision,  ...S?....    physician,   __± transition,    ...o^..... 

sensation,     jC___-  musician,     .7*-    incision,    _n^e.„   accusation, 


1 


association. 
Eshun  may  be  added  to  an  Ef-hook  by  repeating  the  hook, 


32  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 

thus:     Aa  .  profession,    ___%>         division,  I diffusion. 

The  circle  may  be  added  to  the  Eshun-hook,  thus:  J?. 

physicians,  _\»    professions, 

EXERCISE. 

Position,  possession,  opposition,  negotiation,  precision,  accu- 
sation,  acquisition,  physicians,  musicians,  incisions,  sensations, 
propositions,  suppositions,  cessation,  annexation,  secession, 
civilization,  taxation,  pulsation,  processions,  accusations,  devo- 
tions, preposition. 

3.    EN-HOOK. 

When  the  sound  of  En,  In  or  Un  occurs  before  s,  it  may  be 
expressed  by  a  small  hook  as  follows:   unseemly,  «ffli_V. 


enslave,      -a»   insert,  ..,..■■ -  unscrew,  3,  inscribe,    ...?V 

inseperable. 

EXERCISE. 

Insurmountable,  unsalable,  insolent,  insult,  unceremonious, 
unstrung,  insecure,  insuppressible,  unsurmise,  unsullied,  en- 
slave, instructor. 

WORD-SIGNS. 

\» -j I   . 

objection,  question,  generalization. 


SENTENCES. 

1.  Angry  passions  bred  dissension  among  the  nations. 

2.  The  pulsations  of  civilization  extend  navigation,  annexa- 
tion and  taxation. 

3.  The  musicians  made  a  great  sensation  when  the   physi- 
cian made  an  incision. 

4.  His  oration  was  visionary,  but  his  diction  received  the 
approbation  of  the  organization. 

5.  The  instructor  told  the  operator  to  unscrew  the  part  that 
was  insecure  and  insert  an  instrument  that  would  cause  more  re- 
fraction. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  33 


LESSON  XIII. 

SHADING  AND  LENGTHENING  EM. 
When  /  or  b  is  the  next  consonant  sound  following  Em,  it 
may    be  expressed  by   shading  the  Em,  thus:    J"""*.....  imp,  .^Hs... 
emp,  ,^rr>...    pump,    ...j... damp,  JBS± jump,  imbecile, 

-v^j—   lamp, impostor,   _ glimpse. 

Ar   may   be   added    to    Emp    by    lengthening,    thus:     r"~"^. 
timber,  ..^.„™_  simper,   .JcT^...  temperance. 


EXERCISES. 

r.  Pomp,  bump,  tamp,  stamp,  stump,  camp,  romp,  thump, 
lump,  limp,  vamp,  swamp,  samp,  plump,  tramp,  cramp,  hemp. 

2.  Bumper,  temper,  damper,  jumper,  amber,  ember,  lumber, 
scamper,  sombre,  September,  November,  December,  cucumber,, 
slumber,  empire,  embargo,   chamber,  vampire. 


WORD-SIGNS. 


.<T\ 


impossible,     import-ance,     improve-ment,    simpl-e-y,     example. 
-ant, 


SENTENCES. 


1.  Fell  your  timber  in    December   if  you  would  get  good 
lumber. 

2.  It  would    be  simply  impossible  to  improve  upon  such- a 
worthy  example. 


34  COGSWELL'S    COMPENDLUM 

LESSON  XIV. 

LENGTHENING  OTHER  CURVES. 
The  sound  of  kr  or  gr  may  be  added  to  Ing  by  lengthening, 
thus:  _^TT_  inker, anchor,  _!?. — -.  winker,  ..Ssr^..th  inker, 

J^-tZL.  stronger. 

Tr  dr  or  thr  may  be  added  to  any  other  curve  by  lengthening, 

thus:  ^_. letter,  „Y. niter,  ^~^f..  enter,  J^ss_.ardor,..V 

father,  ,-^J~^>  mother. 


Anger,  linger,  languor,  handkerchief,  center,  literary,  thither, 
oyster,  eastern,  sunder,  wonder,  winter,  hinder,  wither,  whither, 
wander,  render,  cinder,  tinker,  lat.et  smatter,  entire,  senator, 
northern,  modern,  neither,  water,  longer. 


,=t.ntences. 

i.     Father  brought  mother  a  letter. 

2.  The  senator  was  chosen  because  of  his  literary  fame  and 
his  power  as  a  thinker. 

3.  Bring  hither  the  lantern,  and  let  us  wander  forth  despite 
the  winter  and  the  fierce  northern  blasts. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  3  = 

LESSON   XV. 

PREFIXES. 
Con,  com,  accom  and  cog  occurring  at  the  beginning  of  a  word 

may  be  expressed  by  a  dot,  thus  :  ..".^\..  confer,         V^    confess, 

'f                        "i                               'v*  \ 

._! conceal,  __j commit,  \.._  comply,  _..^rr_  accompany, 

o  .  . 

~—XC_  cognate,  ._,  ^*— f    cognition. 

Either  of  these  sounds  ma}-  be  implied,  when  occurring  in 
tho  middle  of  a  word,  by  writing  the  part  following  under  that 
which  precedes  it,  thus:       'v....  misconceive, « %  inconsistent, 

tl      discontent,    </w     reconcile,    /___  recognition. 
This  prefix  may  be  implied  by  writing  the  word   having  such 

prefix   just    under   the    preceding   word,    thus:  x_  in  content, 

^""y,    she  confessed,    *__£..  we    are    constrained,   jf_. L.  select 

committee.    /""|*     will  accommodate. 

Circum  and  self  may  be  implied  by  writing  a  small  circle  as  a 

prefix,  thus:  ^,._  circumvent,        __\  circumscribe,  _^a.  self- 

o 

respect, _....  self-esteem. 

Contra,  contro  and  counter  may   be    implied  by  a  short  tick 

written  as  a  prefix,  thus  :       V     contraband, _j£_  controversial, 

\<k~S   countersign. 

Fore  may  be  expressed  by  writing  disjoined  Ef  as  a  prefix, 
thus:  „_^}L  foreknowledge,   -*\^f  forefathers. 


36  COGSWELL'S    COMPENDIUM 


Magna  and  magni   may   ue  expressed   by    writing    disjoined 

'£»;  as  a  prefix,  thus:  _.<^.-  magnify,  _^T_  magnificent, — 2^. 

Magna  Charta. 

These  prefixes  may  sometimes  be  joined  when  legibility 
would  not  be  destroyed  by  so  doing. 

l.XKRCISE. 

Comfort,  commend,  commence,  commissioner,  commute, 
conclusion,  cognizance,  cognovit,  conciliate,  consult,  circumlocu- 
tion, contradict,  countermand,  counterfeit,  incomparable,  incon- 
stant, incognito,  forefinger,  forestall,  foreseen,  reconcile,  irrecon- 
cile,  magnitude,  magnanimous,  misconstrue,  reconnoiter,  recom- 
mend, recognize,  selfish,  self-evident,  self-respect,  unconscious 
unconquerable,  unrecompensed,  unconcern,  unconstitutional. 


*#- 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  37 

LESSON  XVI. 

AFFIXES. 
Ble,  bly  may  be  expressed   by    writing  Be  as  an  affix,   thus: 
..^^.  sensible,       ^V     profitably. 

Ing  may  be  expressed  by  writing  a  small  dot  as  an  affix,  thus: 

■* -  doing,  __V_a.  having,  L seeing. 

lugs  may  be  expressed  by  a  small  circle,  thus  : j, doings, 

-  musings. 

Ingly  may  be  expressed  by  a  heavy  tick  written  slanting, 
thus: .!<._  exceedingly,  -L...;?r<.  lovingly. 

Ling  may  be  expressed  by  the  same  tick  written  perpendicu- 
lar   or   horizontal,     thus:     _ handling,         scantling, 

~  mingling. 

Mental  may  be  expressed  by  nunt  written  as  an  affix,  thus: 

^"**  ornamental.   — ia—  instrumental. 

Ship  may  be  expressed  by  Sh  written  as  an  affix,  thus  : 
.n\J.—-  hardship,      ^friendship. 

Someness  and  lessness  may  be  expressed  by  a  large  circle 
written  separately  as  an  affix,  thus :  /^  lonesomeness, 
./^.._S0  helplessness. 

<ry,  alogy,        S   ,      theology,      '^rf        mineralogy. 


Oloo 


448637 


38 


COGSWELL" S  COMPENDIUM 


EXERCISES. 


Insurmountable,  amenable,  attainable,  trying,  seeking,  know- 
ing, drying,  amazingly,  charmingly,  foundling,  stripling,  handling, 
mingling,  musings,  savings,  lordship,  courtship,  partnership, 
township,  irksomeness,  biology,  phrenology,  zoology. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


39 


LESSON  XVII. 


PHRASING. 

It  is  proven  by  tests  with  Fowlers  "Graphometer,"  a  machine 
for  determining  the  exact  time  required  to  write  certain  forms, 
that  about  40  per  cent.,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  whole  time, 
is  snent  in  passing  from  word  to  word.  This  "waste"  may  be 
reduced  in  a  considerable  degree  by  the  judicious  use  of  phrasing. 

Word-signs  and  simple  outlines  may  generally  be  phrased 
with  safety,  but  phrases  that  would  be  difficult  of  reading  should 
be  avoided. 

EXAMPLES. 


V 


zx 


we  have. 


will  be. 


,_o<53.....you  must. 


_\ 


.could  not  be. 


A 


should  be. 


?many  things. 


you  will  do  so. 


long  ago. 


at  home. 


4Q 


COGSWELL'S    COMPENDIUM 


SENTENCES. 

1.  Come  unto  me  all  ye  that  labor  and  are  heavy  laden  and 
I  will  give  you  rest. 

2.  There  are  many  thines  about  the  subject  of  phonograph}' 
that  cannot  fail  to  interest  the  most  careless  and  inattentive. 

3.  Give  thy  thoughts  no  tongue,  nor  any  unproportioned 
thought  its  act. 

4.  The  heart  is  not  necessarily  the  fountain  of  words;  but  it 
is  always  the  source  of  tears,  whether  of  joy,  gratitude,  or  grief. 

5.  As  the  dews  of  heaven,  falling  at  night,  are  absorbed  by 
the  earth,  or  dried  up  by  the  morning  sun,  so  the  tears  of  a  people, 
shed  for  their  benefactor,  disappear  without  leaving  a  trace  to  tell 
to  future  generations  of  the  services,  sacrifices  and  virtues  of  him 
to  whose  memory  they  were  a  grateful  tribute. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  41 

LESSON    XVIII. 
SPECIAL  PHRASING. 

A-n-d  and  the  may  be  phrased  with  other  words  by  writing 
a-n-d  with  a  perpendicular  or  horizontal  tick,  and  the  with  a  slant- 
ing tick,  thus:  ,\- .  by  a-n,  „_£..  by  the,  ...„S_.  if  a-n,  ....J?... 
if  the,     .. ..'...   and  it, of  a-n     of   the,      ...w  to  a-n,      ..>.... 

to   the,     ...I.,  and   a-n,     _x.  and    the,     on    the,     „.  or  the, 

-V.....  but  the. 

/and  he  ma)-  be  phrased  more  easily  by  writing  them  as  ticks, 

thus:  I  am,   J^ZZ.  J  can.  ——  I  "•ill,    ...1..  I  do,   ...?...  I  did 

not>    I...  I  said,  ~*C^2l  he  can,  ...Z^..  he  will,    ./TT^.  he  must,     A„ 

he  had,   ./....   he  said. 

When  used  thus,  the  tick  must  always  be  perpendicular  or 
horizontal  to  represent  /,  and  slanting  to  represent  he. 


NUMBERS. 


Write  1,   2,  6,   10,  with  phonograph',  characters,  thus: 

£-£-.  -v.  ZZZL  ...J.... 

Numbers    of  one   denomination    may   be    expressed    phono- 
graphically,    thus:    JSsSat-  f°r    IO°.     S*£...  for    1,000,     .<£££*.   for 

1,000,000,    <^y  _  for  100,000. 


Numbers  cf  the  second  denomination  (20,  30,  40,  etc \  may 


42  COGSWELLS  COMPENDIUM 


SENTENCES. 

i.     The  man  and  the  boy  were  riding  on  the  horse. 

2.  If  the  sun  shines  for  an  hour,  we  will  go  to  the  woods. 

3.  I  am  glad  I  did  not  go,  for  he  said  that  all  the  town  were 
there. 

4.  He  must  have  been  beside  himself,  for  I  am  sure  he  can 
do  better  than  he  did. 

5.  And  let  me  say  that  this  is  a  book  which  is  both  in  our 
own  control,  and  is  not  in  our  own  control.  It  is  in  our  own 
control  before  we  speak  and  act,  but  not  so  ever  after. 

6.  The  hours  of  this  day  are  rapidly  flying,  and  this  occasion 
will  soon  be  passed.  Neither  we  nor  our  children  can  expect  to 
behold  its  return.  They  are  in  the  distant  regions  of  futurity, 
they  exist  only  in  the  all-creating  power  of  God,  who  shall  stand 
here  a  hundred  years  hence,  to  trace,  through  us,  their  descent 
from  the  Pilgrims,  and  to  survey,  as  we  have  now  surveyed,  the 
progress  of  their  country  during  the  lapse  of  a  century. 


OF  PHONOGRA PH  Y.  43 


LESSON    XIX. 

OMITTING  WORDS. 

A  considerable  gain  in  speed  may  be  effected,  without  sacri- 
ficing legibility,  by  omitting  certain  words  according  to  fixed 
principles. 

Of,  of  the,  of  a-n,  may  be  implied  by  writing  the  follow- 
ing word  close  to  that  which   precedes    the   word   or    words  to 

be    implied,    thus:    -~>r-_\,  many  of  the  people,   v  ...  Children 

of  the  Abbey,   g^C-...  Maid    of    Athens.      In    cases  where  such 

expressions  are  frequently  recurring,  the  words   may  be  phrased 
with  safety,   and   at   the   same  time  speed   may  be  greatly  accel- 

erated,  thus:    _c/.    court  of   law,    .e^o  _      court    of    last    resort, 

-_X__  voice  of  the  people,    <^-^\    one  of  a  number,     J^r    house 
of    God. 

To,  to  the,  to  a-n,  may  be  implied  by  dropping  the  following 
word  under  the  line,  thus:    .ttz —    come  to  me,    .'. T.~.     not  to-day, 

\ 

1  V 

■— aa,   time    to   come,   —  <^>    strive   to   enter. 


This  principle  does  not  conflict  with  the  third  position. 
Have  may  be  omitted  in  phrasing  when  followed  by  been  or 
done,    thus:     .^       would    have   been,      ..a±..„    could    have    done, 

r-p_  may  not  have  done,    _<^_  shall  have  been. 

Sometimes   phrases    may   be    formed    on    the    spur    of    the 

moment,  such  as   the    following:  --^\-   by  the  way,     ..'.'.. .   from 

time  to  time,     l'. .from  day  to  day,  ..ll__day  after  day,  -^\\      from 

hour    to    hour,      v-=^._  hand    in    hand,      £^C-    more    or    less, 

w_ /.._  sooner  or  later. 


44  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 

SENTENCES. 

i.     A  great  many  of  the  children  were  out  to  the  picnic. 

2.  Only  one  of  them  could  have  been  there. 

3.  Sooner  or  later  he  will  be  brought  to  his  reward. 

4.  Let  me  recur  to  pleasing  recollections,  let  me  indulge  in 
refreshing  remembrances  of  the  past. 

5.  Shoulder  to  shoul-der  they  went  through  the  Revolution, 
hand  in  hand  they  stood  round  the  administration. 

6.  Determined  to  deserve  success,  he  risked  his  own  life 
and  the  lives  of  his  associates  without  reserve.  Enchanted  with 
the  splendor  of  victory,  he  would  wade  in  torrents  of  blood  to  at- 
tain it. 


OF  PHONO  GRA  PII V.  45 

LESSON  XX. 
SPECIAL  SPEED  PRINCIPLES. 

Words  may  often  be  added  by  means  of  the  foregoing  prin- 
ciples. Thus,  the  halving  principle  may  safely  be  employed  to 
add  it.     For  example, if  it,..  .S»-.for  it,    V.  have  it, if  it  is. 

The  hook  may  be  employed  to  add  words,  thus:    N__  by  all, 

.-I...  it  will,    -/-which  will,    of  all,  .._«^_.  and  all,  -S<__.to  all, 

„..^....on  all,    .X  but  all — will,  „/l.who  will,    orwill — all,  __>__ 

by  our,      __~_     by  ours-self,     „Z?_   by  ourselves,    of  our, 

■\ 

all  are-our,   ...?--  who  are,  -c^.,.   and  are-our, --\>_-to  have, 

I  have,  _/[.  which  have,  ~£__who  have, of  one-any,  -  - 

all  our  own,  JJ  to  our  own,  or  not,._y>__  have  not,  ..Va...  for  one, 

__„  ner  own,  _:x._-  our  own,       •£>_  rather  than, gather  in, 

--<=<--  by  theii  own,  ..I.,  instead  of,      I out  of,       I at  once, 

May  be  can  be  written  ^r"«»__. 

Words  may    also   be  added   by  lengthening,    thus:    rr>*^ 

many   other,     s^>*^     among    their,  \    _      for    their-they  are, 

_\.  for  their  own,    V  if  there  be,    /___  later  than,    ^Sk. 

shall  there  be,    J^..  are  there  any,     _)..  is  there  one. 

The  circle  may  be  used  to  add  us,  thus,  -»-  for  us,  .-}*. 
before  us,   give  us,  -m~      round  about  us. 


46 


COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


Words  :..ay  be  added  by  the  In-hook,  thus  : in  the  spirit, 

-^rr*.  in  some,  .orn.  in  as  great,   _^T—  in  secret. 

Sounds  may  be  indirectly  implied.     For  example:  _rrl.in  all, 

^ZZ.    in  our,     _7r_.  enlighten,     _T-X  in  respect,    fe-fT  in  regard, 

_T7^.  in  reply. 

Note — Word-signs  in  the  above  that  have  not   already  been 
given  will  be  found  in  the  following  list. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 

CONTRACTIONS 

— *s>    movement. 

-•  never. 

_~3sL--  nevertheless. 
_ (..  nothing. 

.....X'..  notwithstanding. 
ordinary. 

rV  opportunity. 

-  particular. 

A...  plaintiff. 

^S-  .  refer. 
../^..reference 
~/~S.  represent. 

,P     satisfactory. 

significant. 

3 

— u_  strange-r. 
-J— • ....technical-ity. 
_.<0»..  test  j  mony. 


47 


...  / acknowledge. 

.../ at  first. 

[ at  last. 

b 

christian. 
.    /...  charge. 
/.    danger. 

li ...  defendant. 

...Vs....  evidence. 
...J).,  experience. 
._\.  forever. 

indiscriminate, 

in  crder. 

..^7.  intelligent. 
...j interest. 

intellect. 

_... gentlemen. 

...J ..  gentleman. 


48  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


ADDITIONAL  SPEED  PRINCIPLES. 


First  may  be  written  by  using  only  tbe  loop  of  tbe  word; 

thus  :  0 

The  first  may  be  written  thus: & 

Ing-a-n-d  may  be  expressed  by  writing  a  tick  at  right  angles 
with  the  previous  stroke;  thus:  I        taking  a-n-d;  •       having 

a7n-d. 

Ing-the  may  be  written  by  using  the  same  tick  written  not 

at  right  angles  with  the  previous  stroke ;  thus:     . seeking 

the:!—/  asking  the. 

How  may  be  expressed  by  the  he-tick  written  just  under 
the  line  ;  as--, — ,-how  can,  ••/**»••■  how  long,-je^-  how  soon, 
A_^    how  do  you  know. 

Con,  com  or  accom  may  be  implied  when  following  to  by 
writing  the  word  of  which  it  is  a  prefix  as  though  the  word  /" 

were  the  only  thing  to  be  implied;  as  pi  am  willing 

to  concede,  — * •  ^    '      <- he  desires  to  comply  with  your 

request,      /?,    >t      „      he  will  not   refuse    to    accommodate 

I 

you. 

Ing  may  be  implied  by  writing  the  following  word  or  part 
of  word  directly  under  what  precedes.  At  the  end  of  a  word 
ohus.       J[_„  telling  you,   "1_ asking  him, ^\ giving 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


49 


P 

her,  — ■  »'j>  s.     g°inS   home,            j          sitting  down,   —£-•— 

J  \ 
standing  up.     In  the  middle  of  a  word;  thus,  "^        Not- 
tingham,     /—^  _     Cheltingbam.           A — ^_^.  Buckingham, 

— -Ncs^^^ — .  Birmingham.     •— — "gjas^—      Cunningham,     -  ^  — 

Stonington. 

P 
In    compound    words;     thus,  i sitting-room, 

>.  dining-room,         <r-> — smoking-room,   *      s^^ 

walking-beam,    .-<£-£-    sailing-vessel. 

In  expressing  numbers  in  the  alternative,  the  word  or  may 
be  omitted,  and  the  second  number  written  above  and  to  tbe 
right  of  the  first;  thus,  ./*  two  or  three,  or.  twenty-live  or 
thirty-live. 

In  expressing  inclusive  sets  of  numbers  both  prepositions 
may  be  omitted,  and  the  second  number  written  below  and 
to  the  right  of  the  hist;  as,  "a  from  two  to  four,  or  from 
twenty-three  to  twenty-five. 

The  fractions  \,  i,  £,  f ,  f,  being  those  most  commonly 
used,  may  be  indicated  by  the  use  of  a  small  index  figure. 

If  the  fraction  to  be  written  is  either  I.  £,  or  J,  it  may  be 
expressed  by  writing  the  denominator  at  the  top  of  the  whole 
number  as  an  index;  thus,  122  for  12£,  33s  for  33£,  64  for  Ci±,  etc. 

The  fraction  f  may  be  expressed  by  writing  the  index  3 
against  the  whole  number,  thus,  163  for  IfiJ.  93  for  9$,  etc.  ( 


~jo  COGSWELLS  COMPENDIUM. 

The  fraction  \  may  be  expressed  by  writing  the  index  4 
at  the  bottom  of  the  whole  number;  thus,  l(t4  for  10f,  184  for 
18J,  464  for  46|,  etc. 

When  in  law  reporting  an  answer  is  given  by  repeating  the 
exact  words  of  the  question,  the  answer  maybe  indicated  by 
drawing  a  long  line;  thus, 

Q.        ^j_^  He  went  to  the  same  place  ? 

" ^ 

A. He  went  to  the  same  place. 

Or  where  the  answer  repeats  the  question  with  a  change 

of  pronoun  :  as. 

q.  o      .     <r:>y       I    #_„-         Tou  spent  the  summer 

at  Newport  ? 

A. /  spent    the    summer    at 

Newport. 

Where  the  question  is  repeated  as  a  part  of  the  answer, 
the  same  principle  may  be  applied  even  more  liberally;  as, 


Q.    .  _....h— . 


I  __h_a Z>i'c2  you  go  at  the  appointed 

time  ? 

A.     tf i J ^     ^^-^ Yes,    sir; 

J  went  at  the  appointed  time   but  did  not  find  him. 


ENGRAVED  EXERCISES, 


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L_ !=L«^L 

\/l... 7. 


^KEY^r 


ENGRAVED    EXERCISES 


7Q  COGSWELL'S  COMPEXD/UAf 


KEY   TO   ENGRAVED   EXERCISES. 


ONE   THING   AT   A   TIME. 

The  student  who  abandons  a  subject  without  understanding 
it  is  like  aoommander  who  leaves  an  enemy  in  Irs  rear:  he  ad- 
vances without  the  cheering  certainty  of  beinsr  fully  master  of 
the  road  over  which  he  has  travelled,  and  mosl  generally  finds 
the  difficulty,  winch  he  has  left  without  overcoming,  start  up 
in  the  course  of  his  progress  in  a  hundred  different  shapes,  and 
a  hundred  different  subjects  to  harass  and  perplex  him.— 
Hoffman. 

indolence. 

A  habit  of  indolence  is  a  most  powerful  enemy  to  those 
whose  profession  in  life  demands  the  utmost  exertion.  I  mean 
not  here  to  allude  to  that  shocking  intemperance  of  idleness 
which  utterly  precludes  every  hope.  No  man  of  sense  is  likely 
on  a  sadden,  or  perhaps  ever,  to  fall  into  so  disgraceful  an  inac- 
tivity. I  mean  that  indolence  which  steals  upon  us  by  degrees, 
even  while  we  Matter  ourselves  all  is  activity  ami  diligence; 
which  does  not  boldly  rob  us  of  our  time  and  powers  at  once, 
but  which  persuades  us  that  we  are  already  sufficiently  indus- 
trious :  which  is  eternally  whispering  into  our  willing  ears, 
"  Now  is  the  time  for  repose:  you  have  done  enough  :  you 
pursue  your  studies  with  an  unnecessary  attention  :  recreate 
yourself  :  you  have  a  right  to  recreation  ;  you  have  done  more 
than  is  commonly  done.'*  This  is  the  language,  this  is  the 
sentiment,  that  beguiles  us  of  apparently  small,  but  really 
valuable,  portions  of  time,  and  that  defrauds  us  of  excellence. 
— Raitiiijy. 

PCLUNG    DOWN    THE   ol.I)   flit r»  II. 

The  fopea  were  all  adjusted,  and  there  was  an  affecting 
silence  through  the  motley  group  of  old  and  young  that  had 
come  together  to  witness  the  scene.  Not  a  word  was 
uttered  while  the  carpenter,  with  a  reluctant  hand,  was  pass- 
ing his  Raw  through  the  heart  of  the  last  of  the  larcre  posts  of 
the  old  house  of  God.  There  was  a  kind  of  awe-inspiring  influ- 
ence creeping  over  every  heart,  as  the  venerable  sanctuary  stood 
tottering  and  reeling  in  the  breeze.  True,  a  more  beautiful 
house  had  been  erected  in  the  centre  of  the  village,  and  the 
old  superannuated  edifice  was  doomed  by  common  consent 
to  be  demolished.  The  young  men  of  the  hamlet  had  engaged 
with  alacrity  in  the  service,  and  all  was  now  ready  for  the 
closing  scene.     The  patriarchs  of  the  village  had  come   up  to 


OF  PHONOGKA  PH  Y.  7  * 

take  the  last  look  of  that  ancient  house  of  prayer,  which  had 
been  to  them  for  more  than  half  a  century  the  nearest  gate  to 
heaven. 

I  was  then  hut  a  boy,  but  well  can  I  remember  how  many  of 
these  old  fathers  turned  away  their  faces,  and  wept  on  their 
staves,  as  they  witnessed  the  progress  of  the  sad  preparation. 
Their  bosoms  were  full  of  the  most  touching  associations  that 
can  affect  the  human  heart.  There  they  stood,  immovable  as 
statues,  while  the  old  dismantled  church  was  trembing,  and 
reeling,  and  nodding  towards  them,  as  if  entreating  their  in- 
terposition, or  reproving  the  sacrileges  that  were  sapping  its 
foundations.  It  had  survived  all  the  hist  settlers  of  the  vil- 
lage, and  most  of  their  children,  who,  through  all  the  years 
of  their  trials  and  tribulations,  had  assembled  there  for  divine 
communion  and  consolation.  Thither  had  they  resorted  in 
their  manhood  for  spiritual  direction  and  in  frosty  age,  and 
thence  gone  down  to  their  long  homes  in  a  little  enclosure  a 
few  rods  distant. 

The  venerable  pastor,  after  having  seen  most  of  his  flock 
gathered  to  their  respective  dust,  had  also  heen  laid  at  the 
head  of  the  silent  congregation.  The  few  that  remained  of  his 
time,  now  lingered  around  like  grieved  spectres  beneath  the 
old  oaks  that  were  bowing  their  aged  heads,  as  if  in  sympathy 
witli  their  doomed  contemporary.  There  they  slot  d.  mourn- 
ful and  silent.  There  were  long-reaching  souvenirs  kindling 
up  in  their  aged  1  leasts  until  their  hearts  burned  and  bled 
within  them.  They  heard  not  the  groaning  and  creaking 
timbers;  but  their  spirits  seemed  listening  to  the  long-lost 
tones  that  once  filled  the  venerable  sanctuary. 

M  All's  ready  !  "  shouted  the  carpenter,  stepping  hastily  back- 
wards a  few  rods.  "  All's  ready  !"  passed  along  the  ropes  in 
a  doubtful  undertone.  The  old  church  paused  for  a  moment 
from  its  oscillation  before  the  Mind,  as  if  feeling  a  new  force. 
It  groaned,  tottered,  cpiivered,  and  then  a  blinding  cloud  of 
dust  arose,  followed  by  a  crash  that  made  the  ground  tremble 
beneath  our  feet,  and  it  was  all  over. 

As  soon  as  it  had  cleared  away,  I  looked  for  those  venerable 
fathers  who  had  so  enlisted  my  sympathy.  They  were  still 
leaning  upon  their  staves,  contemplating  the  heap  of  ruins, 
without  uttering  a  word.  I  looked  again,  and  they  were  gone. 
I  never  saw  them  more. — Elihu  Burritt. 

ARTISTIC   HINTS   IN   AMATEUR   PHOTOGRAPHY. 

A  view  is  not  necessarily  a  picture.  This  is  a  distinction 
which  the  amateur  photographer  must  draw  in  the  beginning, 
if  he  desires  to  make  an  art  of  his  work,  and  not  a  mere  me- 
chanical exercise.     If  he  learns  what  constitues  this   radical 


72  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


difference,  his  pursuit  will  lie  to  him  a  source  of  unceasing 
pleasure,  and  he  will  become,  within  the  limitations  thereof, 
as  truly  an  artist  as  though  he  were  an  adept  with  pencil,  brush 
and  palette.  He  needs  but  the  artistic  sense  and  the  easily- 
acquired  skill  to  manipulate  his  apparatus  ;  nature  does  the 
rest.  Many  are  attracted  to  amateur  photography  simply  by 
the  novelty  of  it  ;  they  are  fascinated  by  the  mysteries  of  the 
various  processes,  but  as  soon  as  the  newness  wears  off,  they 
abandon  the  whole;  thing  as  a  child  throws  away  a  toy.  One 
seasor.  almost  invariably  does  the  work  for  this  class  of  enthu- 
siasts, after  which  the  camera  is  relegated  to  the  lumber-room: 
and  the  dark  closet,  perhaps  lifted  up  with  great  care  and 
elaboration,  is  abandoned.  We  fortunately  thus  have  a  limit 
set  to  the  production  of  the  appalling  array  of  Btaring  (dap- 
boarded  houses  as  expressionless  as  packing-crates,  groups  of 
grinning  summer  boarders  stiffly  drawn  up  on  hotel  verandas, 
and  the  other  familiar  attempts  at  view-catching  character- 
istic of  the  average  novice. 

But  th  '  true  amateur  photographer  is  a  different  person. 
His  artistic  sense  keeps  his  interest  alive  ;  the  novelty  of  the 
beginning  wears  off,  but  his  love  for  his  work  grows  with 
practice,  and  observation  and  experience  are  ever  teaching  him 
new  tilings  of  artistic  value.  It  is  this  which  makes  a  true  artist 
of  the  amateur,  while  the  professional  photographer,  devoted 
to  the  technicalities  of  bis  callin  :.  is  apt  to  be  but  r  highly  pro- 
ficient artdzan.'  The  latter,  devoid  of  artistic  perception,  when 
he  has  a  view  to  take,  plants  his  camera  at  random  before  his 
subject  and  fires  it  oil'  much  as  one  would  a  cannon,  demolish- 
ing, from  a  picturesque  standpoint,  whatever  he  aims  at.  The 
must  awkward  point  of  view  may  be  taken,  and,  indeed,  usually 
seems  to  be,  deliberately  selected.  This  accounts  for  the  com- 
monplace dreariness  characteristic  of  the  general  run  of  photo- 
graphs of  scenery  found  on  sale  along  the  beaten  routes  of  tour- 
ist travel.  They  are  merely  '"views"  without  the  faintest 
suggestion  of  pictures.  The  idea  of  the  photographer  seems 
to  be  that  all  which  the  tourist  cares  for  are  reminders  of  the 
hotels  where  he  put  up,  of  the  railway  stations  where  he  left 
the  train,  and  the  eating-houses  where  he  took  bis  meals,  with 
an  assortment  of  the  biggest  and  ugliest  railroad  bridges, 
treetle-WOrks  and  cuttings  thrown  in.  There  are  few  more 
hideom  blotches  upon  the  American  landscape  than  that 
formed  by  the  summer-resort  hotel,  and  yet  think  of  the  scores 
of  White  .Mountain  views,  for  instance,  in  which  a  great  bar- 
rack-like caravansary,  ugly  as  American  carpentry  can  make 
it,  is  the  central  feature,  taking  all  the  repose  out  of  the  ma- 
jestic heights  above,  and  making  one  desirous  for  a  providen- 
tial landslide  in  that  particular  spot. 

On   the   other   hand,  one   occasionally  sees   an   example   of 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY.  73 


amateur  photographic  work  at  which  the  professional  would 
sneer  as  rubbish,  but  which,  though  bad  photographs,  techni- 
cally considered,  yet  form  the  most  charming  pictures.  Per- 
haps the  sui  ject  may  have  been  somewhat  out  of  focus,  or  the 
camera  have  slightly  jarred  when  the  picture  was  taken,  just 
blurring  the  outlines  and  giving  a  softness  and  suggestiveness 
just  adapted  to  the  subject,  as  a  certain  class  of  subjects  is 
best  adapted  to  the  peculiar  handling  of  Corot,  with  his  gray, 
silvery  lights  and  indefinite  outlines. 

Professional  photographers  are,  however,  not  to  be  con- 
demned, as  a  class,  as  lacking  in  artistic  sentiment.  Not  to 
mention  the  many  thoroughgoing  artists  in  portrait  photog- 
raphy to  Le  found  in  our  leading  cities,  there  are  also  pro- 
fessional landscape  photographers  whose  exquisite  sense  of 
the  picturesque  gives  them  high  artistic  rank.  Prominent 
among  these  is  Mr.  Muybridge,  of  .San  Francisco,  celebrated 
for  his  experiments  with  instantaneous  photography  on  the 
horse  in  motion,  an  important  discovery  which  made  ins  name 
deservedly  famous. 

Look  to  your  foregrounds'  Amateurs  should  bear  this  par- 
ticularly 111  mind,  for  it  is  one  of  the  points  most  neglected, 
The  tendency  is  to  look  to  the  distance  and  disregard  the  fore- 
ground entirely,  so  that  what  might  have  been  made  a  picture 
is  left  an  empty,  forlorn  view.  It  is  an  easy  matter  to  secure  a 
good  foreground.  A  clump  <  >f  grass  or  weeds,  a  rock  or  a  shrub, 
a  tree  with  branches  drooping  from  above,  or  dashed  across  a 
corner  of  the  picture  like  a  Japanese  silhouette,  or  simply  the 
curving  lines  of  a  road  or  path  may  be  availed  of  so  as  to  yive 
the  desired  balance  or  symmetry  to  the  composition.  If  theie 
be  nothing  else,  a  most  excellent ;  effect  may  be  obtained,  and  the 
•empty  foreground  filled  out  with  a  figure  or  a  group  of  figures, 
Utilizing  one's  companion,  or  the  bystanders  who  are  usually 
attracted  by  operations  with  a  camera.  Do  not  let  them  stand 
gaping,  with  arms  akimbo,  but  dispose  them  symmetrically  in 
an  artistic  group. 

It  requires  considerable  experience  for  a  novice  to  learn 
what  subjects  are  best  adapted  for  ohotographic  pictures. 
A  most  interesting  landscape  to  look  upon,  a  scene  that  would 
at  once  be  seized  by  a  painter,  or  even  an  artist  in  black-and- 
white,  may  make  an  utterly  uninteresting  photograph.  A 
landscape  may  be  glorious  of  aspect,  and  yet  owe  all  its  charm 
to  color  rather  than  to  form. — Sylvester  Baxter,  in  Outing. 


74  COGSWELLS  COMPENDIUM 


LAW   REPORT. 

EXTRACT   FROM   WEJ.TOX's    APPEAI,,  TRIEP  IX  SUPERIOR  COURT,. 

new     havex    eorxTY,    cow  i:<  ri<  i  t,    1886;    offk  iai.i.v 

REPORTED  BY  F.  H.  COOSH  III.. 

E.  T.  Of.ijry.  sworn. 

Examined  by  Mr.  Dewitt. 

Q.  1.  What  is  your  name?  A.  My  name  is  Elbridge  T. 
(leny. 

Q.  2.     Your  aire?     A.  48  years  old. 

Q.  3.  Where  do  you  reside?  A.  No.  8  East  Forty-eighth 
Street.  New  York  City. 

Q.  4.  What  is  your  occupation?  A.  I  am  a  member  <»f  the 
bar  of  the  State  ot  New  York  and  a  member  of  the  bar  of  the 
Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

Q.  5.  When  were  you  admitted  to  practice?  A.  In  ixt'in, 
fall  term. 

Q.  (3.  Have  you  any  other  occupation,  and  it  so.  state  it? 
A.  I  am  President  of  the  New  York  Society  (Or  the  Preven- 
tion of  Cruelty  to  Children,  and  also  Vice-President  and  coun- 
sel of  the  American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to 
Animals. 

Q.  7.  State,  Mr.  Gerry,  if  you  knew  the  late  Carrie  .1.  Wel- 
ton,  and  if  so,  when  you  first  met  her9  A.  1  did  know  tin- 
late  Caroline  Josephine  Welton.  I  think  I  met  her  previous 
to  the  interview  about  which  I  am  abont  to  state  at  the  office 
of  the  Society  on  one  occasion  when  she  was  there.  1  met  her 
at  the  headquarters  of  the  Society,  on  the  corner  of  Twenty-sec- 
ond Street  and  Fourth  Avenue.  I  was  merely  presented  to  her 
at  the  time  and  passed  out.  On  the  17th  of  October,  1878,  in 
consequence  of  a  note  which  1  had  received  from  Mr.  Bergh, 
the  President  of  the  Society,  to  call  at  the  Buckingham  Hotel 
on  Fifth  Avenue,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  corner  of  Fiftieth 
Street.  I  think.  I  called  and  inquired  for  Miss  Welton  and 
sent  up  my  card. 

Q.  8.  Did  she  receive  you?  A.  I  was  received  by  the 
young  lady  in  one  of  the  parlors  of  the  hotel. 

Q.  9.  Describe  Miss  Welton  as  she  appeared  to  you  at  that 
time?  A.  Miss  Welton  was  a  young  lady.  I  should  say  of 
probably  twenty-five  or  a  little  over,  somewhere  between 
twenty-five  and  thirty.  She  was  very  refined  and  delicate 
looking,  dressed  with  the  usual  simplicity  which  characterizes 
ladies  of  taste,  very  nicely  dressed:  rather  fragile  looking,  so 
to  speak.  She  was  very  pleasant  and  courteous  in  her  manner. 
refined  and  elegant  in  her  expressions.  The  language  which 
she  used  was  the  language  of  an  educated  person. 


OF  PHONOGRAPHY. 


7> 


Q.  10.  What  did  she  say  to  you?  A.  She  said  to  me  that  she 
was  an  only  daughter,  that  her  father  was  dead,  that  she  re- 
sided in  the  State  of  Connecticut,  that  she  had  at  her  disposal 
a  very  large  property  both  real  and  personal.  She  then  stated 
that  she  had  been  for  years  very  fond  indeed  of  animals, 
that  she  had  personally  known  Mr.  Bergh,  the  President  of  the 
American  Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals; 
that  she  had  for  many  years  been  a  contributor  to  its  funds 
and  had  taken  a  deep  interest  in  its  work.  She  went  on  to 
speak  of  Mr.  Bergh.  She  said  that  she  regarded  Mr.  Bergh  as 
one  of  the  noblest  men  in  the  country;  that  he  had  labored 
for  years  in  the  cause  of  the  brute  creation,  and  that  she  was 
desirous,  after  she  passed  away,  of  leaving  the  greater 
part  of  her  property  to  the  society  of  which  he  was  President, 
in  order  that  the  humane  work  might  be  prosecuted  with 
more  vigor  than  it  was  at  that  time. 

She  then  said  she  was  anxious  to  have  this  will  drawn  as 
soon  as  possible;  she  consulted  some  memoranda  which  she 
had,  and  went  on  to  mention  each,  and  as  she  mentioned  it 
I  made  some  notes  in  pencil  at  the  time. 

Cross-examined  by  Mr.  Webster. 

Q.  1.  How  long  did  I  understand  you  that  you  had  been 
counsel  for  this  Society?  A.  I  think  since  18(38  or  1869, 
sir. 

Q.  2.  This  Society  issues  annual  reports  to  the  public. 
Do  you  recognize  this  as  being  their  annual  report?  (Hand- 
ing witness  pamphlet.) 

Objected  t<>  as  irrelevant.  Claimed  for  the  purpose  of  show- 
ing what  Miss  Welton's  contributions  to  the  Society  actually 
were,  as  it  has  been  claimed  that  she  was  a  large  contributor. 
Excluded. 

Q  :!.  Mr.  Gerry,  you  saw  nothing  of  this  lady  which  would 
excite  any  suspicion  to  distrust  her  statement,  I  suppose,  and 
so  like  any  one  else  who  called  to  have  a  will  made  you 
took  her  directions  and  entered  them  down  and  drafted  the 
will?     A.     Yes. 

Q.  4.  Did  you  hurry  any  about  it  in  consequence  of  that 
suggestion  of  Mr.  Bergh  that  you  had  better  be  in  haste  on  ac- 
count of  the  condition  of  her  health?    A.  Yes. 

Qj  5.  You  spoke  of  her  expressing  great  affection  for  her 
mother,  but  your  statement  was  quite  general.  I  haven't 
heard  what  those  expressions  were.  Will  you  have  the  kind- 
ness to  repeat  her  expressions  of  affection  for  her  mother  at 
that  interview.  A.  She  stated  in  substance  to  me  that  she 
and  her  mother  lived  together  up  in  Connecticut;  that  she 
was  an  only  child,  an  only  daughter.  She  spoke  of  her 
*ather's   death,    that  he  had  died  some  time  since,   that  she 


76  COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM 


had  considerable  property  in  hev  own  right,  and  her  mother 
also  had  a  certain  amount  of  property 

Q.  6.  I  called  for  expressions  of  affection,  and  nothing  else. 
Now  you  have  undertaken  to  make  a  speech  and  that  *s  not 
what  I  called  for.  If  you  heard  any  expressions  of  affection 
of  the  daughter  for  the  mother,  state  what  they  were,  as  near 
as  you  remember?  A.  What  was  your  precise  question,  sir:' 
Stenographer  repeats  the  preceding  question. 

The  Court:  Go  on,  Mr.  Gerry,  and  (online  yourself  to  those 
expressions.  A.  I  don't  recall  the  exact  language  which  slit- 
used  in  reference  to  her  mother.  1  have  stated  simply  tin- 
substance  of  what  I  can  recollect.  That  is  n  matter,  of 
icourse,  of  eight  years  ago,  and  it  is  difficult  for  me  to  tax  my 
memory  with  the  precise  expressions  she  used,  excepting  in 
speaking  in  the  way  in  which  I  have  testified. 

Q.  7.  Then  you  can't  give  any  expressions  of  affection  in 
her  language?    A.  No,  sir. 


ARGUMENT   BEFORE   A   JURY. 


EXTRACT     I-IiOM     AKGIMEXT    OF     GEOIIGE     G.      DEWITT,    SB.,    IN 
WELTOX's   APPEAL. 

Ix  conclusion,  gentlemen  of  the  jury.  I  wish  to  say  that 
even  if  you  believe  all  that  has  been  ottered  in  this  case  by  tin- 
appellants,  if  you  believe  all  that  Mrs.  Johnson  said  in  regard 
to  what  Carrie  told  her.  if  you  believe  she  has  not  exaggerated 
that  first  interview,  or  if  you  believe  that  first  interview  took 
place  at  the  time  she  said  it  did — upon  that  yon  cannot  find 
that  this  will  of  1878  was  invalid.  If  you  find  that  those 
charges  were  the  outcome  of  a  delusion  existing  on  the  part 
of  Miss  Welton  at  that  time  against  her  mother,  you  cannot 
find  that  the  will  of  1878  was  invalid  on  that  account,  because 
all  those  were  made  after  the  will  was  made:  and  when  the 
will  was  made  you  have  evidence  that  is  uncontradicted  that 
they  were  devoted,  friendly  and  affectionate,  and  that  that 
will  was  made  with  the  mother's  approval,  ana  it  was  a  long 
preconceived  testamentary  intention  that  the  testatrix  was 
then  eariying  out. 

Consider  all  the  facts  that  have  been  presented  to  you  in 
this  case  on  both  sides,  and  then  see  if  you  can  conscien- 
tiously say  that  the  will  and  codicil  are  not  valid.  To  do 
that  you  must  find  that  Miss  Carrie  Well  on  was  insane  on  Oc- 
tober 18,  1878,  and  further,  that  the  will  was  the  outcome  <>f 
her  estrangement  from  her  mother,  or  from  possible  delusions 
that  she  entertained  against  her  mother.     And  to  do  that  yor 


OF  PHONO  GRA  PH  Y. 


77 


must  ignore  the  evidence  that  in  1875,  before  she  went  to 
California,  and  in  1878,  when  she  conferred  with  her  mother, 
she  told  her  that  she  proposed  to  give  the  estate  to  charities 
and  principally  to  this  society. 

To  declare  this  will  invalid  you  must  reject  the  evidence  of 
the  three  doctors  who  saw  Miss  Welton  and  could  lincl  no 
evidence  of  insanity;  yon  must  find  what  those  practical  men 
of  long  experience  could  not  find;  you  must  reject  the  evi- 
dence of  Dr.  Hamilton  and  Dr.  Lindsley  who  say  that  tak- 
ing this  case  all  together  that  there  is  not  sufficient  evidence 
that  this  young  lady  possessed  an  insane  delusion  as  to  her 
mother,  and  are  not  contradicted  by  Dr.  MacDonald  or  Dr. 
Stearns;  for  Dr.  MacDonald  said  that  if  she  made  that  will 
with  the  approval  of  her  mother,  there  was  no  insane  delusion 
about  that;  and  Dr.  Stearns  did  not  go  on  the  stand  in  rel  ut- 
tal  after  he  had  heard  all  this  testimony  and  say  that  he  ad- 
hered to  his  opinion  formed  upon  that  hypothetical  question 
which  included  only  part  of  the  facts  in  this  case  and  part  of 
those  we  have  proved  to  you  were  erroneous. 

We  have  introduced  some  thirty-two  witnesses  here  who 
have  known  this  woman  from  1868  down  to  the  time  of  her 
death;  we  have  given  you  evidence  of  her  conduct  for  every 
month  of  her  hie  since  then,  and  you  must  ignore  all  that  evi- 
dence in  order  to  set  aside  this  will. 

Gentlemen,  I  thank  you  lor  the  close  attention  you  have 
given  to  this' trial;  I  thank  you  for  the  close  attention  you  have 
given  me  while  addressing  you:  audi  thank  the  (Joint  for 
his  forbearance,  for  possibly  in  the  heat  of  trial  1  may  have 
overstepped  the  legal  proprieties  for  the  moment;  and  1  also 
thank  my  opponents  for  the  courtesies  they  have  exteuded  to 
me. 


REPORT   OF   CONVENTION. 


from  the  official  report  of  the  thirteenth  annual 
convention  of  the  national  association  of  fire 
engineers,  held  at  long  branch,  n.  j.,  sept.  8,  \), 
10,  11  and  12,  1885;  taken  by  f.  h.  cogswell. 

Ex-Chief  Stockell :  Chief  Shay  and  Mr.  President,  I  rise  to 
ask  a  question.  Which  would  be  your  preference  lor  an  out- 
side shutter  ? 

Chief  Shay:  A  wooden  shutter,  covered  with  metal. 

Ex-Chief  Stockell:  That  would  be  your  preference  ? 

Chief  Shay:  Yes,  sir. 

Chief  Lindsley:   Do  you  think  iron  shutters  could  be  dis- 


COGSWELL'S  COMPENDIUM. 


pensed  with  on  the  street  front,  or  where  they  look  out  on 
streets,  or  confined  to  the  walls  in  the  rear  '.' 

Chief  Shay:  My  answer  to  that  would  be,  that  it  would  he 
regulated  by  the  width  of  the  streets.  In  a  street  sixty  feet 
wide,  1  should  think  it  would  not  be  necessary. 

Chief  Lindsley:  Does  the  law  compel  them  to  put  on  the 
shutter? 

Chief  Shay:  The  law  requires  it  on  the  rears  and  sides,  but 
not  on  the  front. 

Chief  Lindsley:  It  was  my  impression  that  it  was  sufficient 
protection  if  the  rear  of  the  buildings  are  protected  by  iron 
shutters. 

Ex-Chief  Stocked:  I  would  like  to  continue  and  ask  a  ques- 
tion of  Chief  Shay  in  regard  to  the  matter.  I  have  no  doubt 
he  has  had  considerable  experience.  Where  buildings  are  closed 
in  the  front  and  rear  with  iron  shutters  and  a  large  stock  of 
inflammable  material  inside,  isift  there  danger  of  an  explosion 
taking  place  and  throwing  down  the  building  and  killing  your 
men.     Havn't  you  had  experience  of  that  kind  ? 

Chief  Shay:  Well,  we  had  a  rase  about  a  month  ago  in  a 
building  on  the  corner  of  Barclay  and  Washington  streets,  an 
eight-story  building.  The  fire  originated  on  the  first  floor, 
and  about  six  minutes  after  the  lirst  alarm  and  the  companies 
got  to  work,  there  was  an  explosion,  caused  by  the  gas  and 
rarificd  air,  etc..  through  combustion.  The  trouble  there  was, 
there  was  no  sky-light  in  the  roof.  It  was  a  solid  roof,  with 
only  one  scuttle-hole  in  it.  It  was  secured  by  a  trap.  It 
raised  the  roof  on  Barclay  Street,  and  blew  the  stones  and  about 
six  courses  of  bricks  into  the  street.  It  struck  about  eight  or 
ten  men.  There  were  about  seven,  I  think,  of  our  nun  hit.  and 
about  three  citizens.  One  of  the  men  had  Ins  thigh  broken, 
and  four  weeks  afterwards  he  had  his  leg  amputated,  and  lie 
died.  That  was  the  cost  of  not  having  proper  openings  in  the 
roof. 


INDEX. 


Additional  Speed  Principles  ......  48 

Affixes 37 

Alphabet 9 

Ar-1Iook ,  24 

Circles  and  Loops 10 

Contractions 47 

Ef-Hook 26 

P]l-Hook 22 

Engraved  Exercises 51 

En-Hook 28 

Halving 20 

Key  to  Engraved  Exercises 69 

Lengthening  Curves 34 

Phonography        .....           ....  8 

Materials        ..........  7 

Omitting  Words 43 

Phrasing 39 

"           Special 41 

Preface    ....*....,.  3 

Prefixes              .               85 

Punctuation .  17 

Shading  and  Lengthening  Em     .       •       •       «       .  33 

Shun,  Esiiun  and  En-Hooks .31 

Special  Speed  Principles „  45 

Student,  to  the 5 

Ter-Hook 30 

Vowels ,12 

Way  and  Yay,  Brief  Signs  for  .....  IS 

Word  Signs,  (Consonant  Stems)        .....  15 

<c             "       (Vowel  Stems;         .  16 


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